Yoshitoshi - Thirty-two Aspects of Women's Customs and Manners

Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892) was one of the most influential figures of late ukiyo-e and is widely regarded as the last great master of the tradition. Born in Edo to a prosperous merchant family, he showed artistic talent at an early age and became a student of Utagawa Kuniyoshi at just eleven years old. Under Kuniyoshi’s guidance, Yoshitoshi absorbed both classical woodblock techniques and Western approaches to shading, realism, and perspective, which helped shape the distinctive, dramatic style that defined his career.

Yoshitoshi first gained attention for powerful warrior prints and intense historical scenes, but he became especially known for his graphic muzan-e (“cruel pictures”) depicting violence, murder, and warfare. These works reflected both the turbulent social climate of the late Edo and early Meiji periods and his own personal struggles with mental health and financial hardship. His figures were more naturalistic and psychologically expressive than those of many contemporaries, combining traditional ukiyo-e design with a heightened sense of realism and emotion.

Later in life, Yoshitoshi turned increasingly toward poetic, imaginative, and elegant subjects. Masterpieces such as One Hundred Aspects of the Moon, Thirty-two Aspects of Women’s Customs and Manners, A Collection of Desires, and New Forms of Thirty-six Ghosts reveal a quieter lyricism and technical refinement that contrast with his earlier brutality. Through these diverse bodies of work, Yoshitoshi preserved and revitalized ukiyo-e at a time when the medium was in decline, securing his legacy as its final great innovator.